Myanmar's Historic Bells: Mingun and Dhammazedi

Myanmar holds a significant place in Buddhist culture, where large bells are traditionally dedicated to stupas and temples. Among the many examples throughout the country, two particularly stand out for their impressive scale, historical depth, and unique stories: the Mingun Bell and the legendary Dhammazedi Bell. These monumental objects offer insights into Myanmar's rich heritage and the engineering prowess of past eras.

The Cultural Significance of Temple Bells in Myanmar

In Myanmar, the practice of casting and dedicating large bells is deeply intertwined with Buddhist traditions. These temple bells, often referred to as "ringing bells," serve as important elements within religious complexes, typically associated with stupas and pagodas. Their presence underscores the spiritual devotion and artistic skill prevalent across various historical periods in the region.

The creation of such grand artifacts often involved considerable resources and labor, reflecting the patronage of monarchs and the collective efforts of communities. Beyond their religious function, these bells also represent milestones in metallurgical and engineering capabilities, with some examples ranking among the largest ever produced globally. The act of striking a temple bell is believed to accumulate merit and share blessings, making these structures central to the spiritual life of the country.

The Mingun Bell: A Monumental Bronze Masterpiece

Situated in the Sagaing region, approximately 11 kilometers north of Mandalay on the western bank of the Irrawaddy River, the Mingun Bell holds the distinction of being the world's second-largest functioning bell. This immense bronze creation is located near the Mingun Pahtodawgyi, a site that itself speaks to ambitious royal projects. Its sheer size and weight have captivated visitors for generations, making it a prominent landmark in Myanmar's cultural landscape.

Weighing approximately 90,718 kilograms (199,999 pounds), the Mingun Bell's surface bears white mnemonic words detailing its impressive mass. Unlike many bells that use an internal clapper, this bell produces its sound when struck on its outer edge. Its casting commenced in 1808 and was completed by 1810, commissioned by King Bodawpaya for his grand stupa, the Mingun Pahtodawgyi. This project exemplified the king's ambition to create structures of unparalleled scale.

Historical accounts describe the challenging process of transporting the bell. It was cast on the opposite side of the river and moved using two boats. To reach the stupa, two new canals were specifically excavated. Once the bell arrived, the canals were blocked, and the water level was raised, allowing the bell to be lifted into position by buoyancy, similar to how earth is moved. Initially suspended, the bell later fell from its supports during a powerful earthquake on March 23, 1839. It was re-suspended in March 1896 by the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, utilizing screw jacks and levers, a testament to the persistent efforts to preserve this historical artifact.

The Lost Dhammazedi Bell: A Legend Beneath the Waves

Another celebrated bell in Myanmar's history is the Great Bell of Dhammazedi, once considered the largest bell in the world. King Dhammazedi ordered its casting on February 5, 1484, and it was subsequently presented to the Shwedagon Pagoda in Dagon, a city now known as Yangon. This bell was a testament to the immense wealth and religious dedication of the Mon kingdom, signifying a period of great prosperity and spiritual devotion.

Scholars estimate the bell contained 294 tons of various metals, including silver, gold, copper, and tin, reflecting its extraordinary value and the advanced metallurgical techniques of the era. A Venetian gem merchant named Gaspero Balbi, who visited ancient Dagon and the Shwedagon Pagoda in 1583, recorded his observations of the Dhammazedi Bell in his diary. He described it as being covered from top to bottom with carved inscriptions, the meaning of which he could not comprehend at the time, highlighting its unique artistic and historical significance.

Tragically, the Dhammazedi Bell was stolen from Shwedagon Pagoda by a Portuguese warlord and mercenary, Filipe de Brito e Nicote, known in Burmese as Nga Zin Kar. He attempted to transport the bell from Yangon to Bago, Myanmar, by rafting it with two large ships. However, de Brito's vessel broke apart at Monkey Point in the Yangon River, causing the bell to sink to the riverbed, taking de Brito's ship with it. This event marked the end of its public display and the beginning of its legend.

Numerous individuals and organizations have since attempted to locate and recover the bell, but these efforts have not yet yielded success. More recently, the historical research department of the Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with SD Mark International LLP Co of Singapore, conducted a workshop in Yangon to further research and explore methods for its retrieval, demonstrating ongoing interest in this significant historical artifact.

Comparing Myanmar's Famous Bells

While both the Mingun Bell and the Dhammazedi Bell represent significant achievements in Myanmar's historical metallurgy and cultural heritage, their stories diverge dramatically. One remains a tangible, accessible monument, while the other exists primarily as a historical account and an ongoing mystery. Understanding the distinct characteristics and fates of these two colossal bells provides a deeper appreciation for the country's past and the enduring legacy of its royal patrons.

Planning Your Visit to the Mingun Bell

For those interested in experiencing Myanmar's historical grandeur, a trip to the Mingun Bell offers a tangible connection to the past. The bell is a central attraction within the Mingun Pahtodawgyi complex, which is easily reachable from Mandalay. Visitors typically travel by boat along the Irrawaddy River, providing scenic views of the surrounding landscape and a pleasant journey.

A visit to Mingun usually involves exploring the unfinished pagoda itself, the Hsinbyume Pagoda, and the Mingun Bell. The journey by river boat is part of the experience, often taking about an hour each way from Mandalay. It is advisable to verify current boat schedules and any entrance fees before planning your trip, as these details can change. To truly explore Myanmar's ancient wonders, consider a comprehensive tour that includes these significant sites.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the significance of bells in Myanmar's Buddhist culture?

Bells in Myanmar's Buddhist culture are important religious artifacts, often dedicated to stupas and temples. They symbolize devotion and are traditionally struck to accumulate merit and share blessings with all sentient beings. Their casting and donation are considered highly meritorious acts.

How large is the Mingun Bell?

The Mingun Bell weighs approximately 90,718 kilograms (199,999 pounds), making it the second-largest functioning bell in the world. It is made of bronze and is renowned for its impressive dimensions and historical context.

Where is the Dhammazedi Bell located today?

The Dhammazedi Bell is currently submerged at the bottom of the Yangon River, near Monkey Point. It sank there in the late 16th century after being stolen from the Shwedagon Pagoda and has remained unrecovered despite numerous attempts.

Can visitors interact with the Mingun Bell?

Visitors to the Mingun Bell can typically approach it and, in some cases, strike its outer edge to produce a sound. It is advisable to observe local customs and any posted guidelines to ensure respectful interaction with this historical artifact.

What efforts are being made to recover the Dhammazedi Bell?

Various attempts have been made over centuries to recover the Dhammazedi Bell. More recently, the historical research department of Myanmar's Ministry of Culture, in cooperation with SD Mark International LLP Co of Singapore, has held workshops and conducted research to explore its retrieval, indicating ongoing interest in its recovery.